Dry Bulk Shipping
Comprehensive guide to dry bulk shipping: cargo types, stowage, vessel selection, and how bulk commodities move worldwide.
Reviewed by Luis Carlos Alvarez, Head of Commodities
What this hub covers
Dry bulk shipping moves unpackaged commodities, poured straight into a vessel’s holds rather than boxed or palletised. It is the largest segment of seaborne trade by tonnage, and the commodity decides almost everything that follows: how the cargo stows, which vessel class can carry it, and which loading and safety rules apply under the IMSBC Code.
This hub is organised by cargo. The major trades have their own pages, including iron ore, coal, grain, bauxite, and cement. Each page sets out the cargo’s stowage factor, its IMSBC group and hazards, the vessel classes that typically carry it, and the trade lanes it moves on.
Who it is for and where to start
The pages here are written for shippers, traders, and operators planning a bulk move and deciding which vessel and what terms fit the cargo. The thread that ties the cargoes together is the stowage factor, the cubic space a tonne of a given commodity occupies, which determines whether a cargo fills the holds by weight or by volume.
- Start with the concept that governs vessel fit: the stowage factor, then the cross-commodity stowage guide.
- Move to a specific trade: iron ore, coal, or grain.
- Match the cargo to a hull on the bulk carriers hub.
To move a parcel, tell us about your cargo and we will propose the vessel and the terms.
Cargo guides
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Aggregates Shipping
How construction aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed stone) move by sea: IMSBC classification, cargo properties, vessel typing, and the dominant short-sea and deep-sea aggregate trades.
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Alumina Shipping
How alumina (aluminium oxide) moves by sea: IMSBC ALUMINA classification, dust and flow behaviour, vessel typing, and the bauxite-refinery-to-smelter trade lanes.
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Clinker Shipping
Clinker cargo ships in bulk as an IMSBC Group C cargo. This page sets out its data sheet, the ships that carry it, hot loading, hold wear and a worked voyage.
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Coal Shipping
How coal moves by sea. IMSBC Group B classification, COAL schedule properties, vessel typing across Capesize to Handysize, and the dominant Indonesia, Australia, Russia and Colombia lanes.
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Cement Shipping
How Portland cement moves in bulk by sea. Vessel typing, hold preparation, IMSBC carriage requirements, trade lanes, and the operational risks that drive fixture economics.
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Fertilizer Shipping
Operator briefing on bulk fertilizer shipping. Urea, DAP, potash, and AN-based grades. Cargo properties, IMSBC schedule entries, self-decomposition risk, hygroscopic care, vessel typing, and the major fertilizer trade routes.
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Grain Shipping
Operator briefing on grain shipping. Cargo properties, vessel typing, the IMO International Grain Code, fumigation cycle, and the major sea-borne lanes that move wheat, corn, soybeans, and barley.
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Iron Ore Shipping
How iron ore moves by sea. IMSBC IRON ORE FINES Group A liquefaction regime, Capesize and VLOC dominance on the Brazil and Australia lanes into North Asia, and TML certification.
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Bauxite Shipping
Bauxite ships mainly from Guinea, Australia and Brazil to China. See which ships carry it, the moisture rules for fine grades and a worked voyage example.
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Minerals Shipping
Iron ore, bauxite, alumina, aggregates, salt and sulphur each ship differently by sea. This index shows which ships carry each mineral and links to its page.
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Pet Coke Shipping
Petroleum coke ships as an IMSBC Group B cargo. See its two grades, the sulphur and dust risks, the ship sizes, and a Panamax voyage from the US Gulf to India.
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Salt Shipping
How salt (sodium chloride) moves by sea: IMSBC SALT classification, corrosion and hold-cleanliness control, vessel typing, and the major solar and rock salt trades.
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Scrap Metal Shipping
How ferrous scrap moves by sea as loose bulk: HMS and shredded scrap properties, self-heating swarf, hold abrasion, vessel typing, and the major scrap export lanes.
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Stowage Factor
Stowage factor is the space a tonne of cargo fills in a ship's hold. See the formula, a worked Panamax example and ranges for iron ore, cement, coal and grain.
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Cargo Stowage Factor Guide
Stowage factors and IMSBC groups for the major dry bulk cargoes, with how to read them for vessel fit and safe carriage.
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Sugar Shipping
Operator briefing on raw and refined sugar shipping. Cargo properties, vessel typing, polarisation certificates, hold cleanliness, and the major Brazil, Thailand, India, and Australia sea-borne sugar lanes.
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Sulphur Shipping
Sulphur ships in bulk as formed pellets or crushed lump. This guide covers its IMSBC data, the ship sizes that carry it and how holds are protected from acid.
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Wood Pellet Shipping
How wood pellets move by sea as biomass fuel: IMSBC WOOD PELLETS classification, oxygen depletion and self-heating control, vessel typing, and the major biomass trades.
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